Takardar matsayi na IAOMT game da amfani da fluoride ya ƙunshi sama da ƙididdiga 500 kuma yana ba da cikakken bincike na kimiyya game da yuwuwar haɗarin lafiya da ke da alaƙa da fallasa fluoride.
Takardar matsayin IAOMT akan ya hada da ambaton sama da 500 kuma yana ba da cikakken binciken kimiyya game da illolin lafiyar da ke tattare da bayyanar fluoride.
Fluorine (F) shine kashi na tara akan tebur na lokaci-lokaci kuma memba ne na dangin halogen. Yana da nauyin atom na 18.9984, shine mafi saurin dukkan abubuwan, kuma yana samarda madogara mai karfin lantarki. An fi jawo shi musamman ga cations na divalent na alli da magnesium. A cikin yanayinta na kyauta, sunadarin flourine mai tsananin guba, rawanin diatomic rawaya. Kodayake, ba safai ake samun furotin a cikin yanayin kyauta ba saboda kusan koyaushe yana haɗuwa da wasu abubuwa sakamakon tsananin tasirinsa. Fluorine yawanci yana faruwa kamar ma'adanai
fluorspar (CaF2), cryolite (Na3AlF6), da fluorapatite (3Ca3 (PO4) 2 Ca (F, Cl) 2), kuma ita ce ta 13 mafi yawan abubuwa a duniya.
Fluoride (F-) ionin sunadarai ne na sunadarin flourine wanda yake dauke da karin wani lantarki, dan haka yana bashi caji mara kyau. Baya ga asalin ta a cikin ma'adanai, haka kuma a cikin ƙasa, ruwa, da iska, an kuma haɗa fluoride ta hanyar sinadarai don amfani da ruwa mai amfani da ruwa, kayayyakin haƙori, da sauran abubuwan da aka ƙera. Fluoride ba shi da mahimmanci ga ci gaban ɗan adam da ci gaban sa.1
A zahiri, ba'a buƙatarsa ga kowane tsarin ilimin lissafi a cikin jikin mutum; saboda haka, babu wanda zai sha wahala daga rashin furotin. A cikin 2014, Dr. Philippe Grandjean na Harvard School of Public Health da Dr. Philip J. Landrigan na Makarantar Icahn ta Makarantar Magunguna a Dutsen Sinai sun gano sinadarin fluoride kamar ɗayan sunadarai na masana'antu guda 12 da aka sani don haifar da ciwan neurotoxicity a cikin mutane. 2
Sashe na 5.1: Fluoridation na Ruwan Al'umma
A Yammacin Turai, wasu gwamnatoci sun fito fili sun fahimci haɗarin fluoride, kuma kashi 3 cikin ɗari na mutanen Yammacin Turai ke shan ruwa mai gurɓataccen ruwa. 133 A Amurka, sama da kashi 66% na Amurkawa suna shan ruwa mai gurɓataccen ruwa.134 Babu Hukumar Kula da Muhalli (EPA) ko gwamnatin tarayya da ke ba da umarnin samar da ruwa a cikin Amurkan, kuma jihar ko karamar hukumar ce ta yanke shawarar samar da ruwan sha na gari. .135 136 Koyaya, Hukumar Kula da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka (PHS) ta ƙaddamar da shawarar samar da ruwa mai yawa a cikin ruwan sha na gari ga waɗanda suka zaɓi yin fluoridate, kuma Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) ta tsara matakan gurɓata ruwan sha na jama'a.
Bayan fitowar ruwa a Grand Rapids, Michigan, ya fara a 1945, aikin ya bazu zuwa yankuna a duk faɗin ƙasar a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. Ma'aikatan Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (PHS) sun ƙarfafa waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen a cikin shekarun 1950s, 137 da kuma a cikin 1962, PHS ta ba da ƙa'idodin fluoride a cikin ruwan sha wanda zai tsaya tsawon shekaru 50. Sun bayyana cewa fluoride zai hana cututtukan hakora 138 kuma matakan ingantaccen fluoride da aka kara akan ruwan sha ya kamata ya kasance tsakanin 0.7 zuwa milligrams na kowace lita. 1.2 Duk da haka, PHS ta saukar da wannan shawarar zuwa mataki daya na milligrams 139 a kowace lita a 0.7 saboda karuwa a cikin fluorosis na hakori (lalacewar hakora na dindindin wanda zai iya faruwa ga yara daga nunawa zuwa fluoride) da kuma ƙaruwa daga hanyoyin bayyanar cutar fluoride ga Amurkawa.2015
A halin da ake ciki, an kafa Dokar Ruwan Shan Abincin Ingantacce a cikin 1974 don kare ingancin ruwan sha na Amurka, kuma ya ba da izinin EPA don tsara ruwan sha na jama'a. Domin
na wannan dokar, EPA na iya saita matakan gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu (MCLs) don ruwan sha, da kuma maƙasudin matakan gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi (MCLGs) da ƙa'idodin ruwan sha waɗanda ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba na matsakaicin matsakaicin matakan ƙaura (SMCLs) .141 EPA takamaiman cewa MCLG shine "matsakaicin matakin gurɓataccen ruwan sha wanda babu wani sananne ko tsammani na illa ga lafiyar mutane da zai auku, yana ba da cikakken tsaro." 142 Bugu da kari, EPA ya cancanci cewa tsarin ruwa na gari wanda ya wuce MCL na fluoride “dole ne ya sanar da mutanen da wannan tsarin yake aiki da shi da wuri, amma ba zai wuce kwana 30 ba bayan tsarin ya sami labarin keta hakkin.” 143
A cikin 1975, EPA ta saita matsakaicin matakin gurɓata (MCL) don fluoride cikin ruwan sha a miligrams 1.4 zuwa 2.4 a kowace lita. 144 Sun kafa wannan iyaka don hana al'amuran hakora hakora. A cikin 1981, South Carolina tayi jayayya cewa fluorosis na hakori kawai na kwalliya ne, kuma jihar ta nemi EPA don kawar da MCL don fluoride. 145 A sakamakon haka, a cikin 1985, EPA ta kafa maƙasudin matakin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu (MCLG) don fluoride a miligram 4 a kowace lita. 146 Maimakon fluorosis na hakori wanda ke aiki azaman ƙarshen kariya (wanda zai buƙaci ƙananan matakan tsaro), wannan matakin mafi girma an kafa shi azaman hanyar kariya daga kwarangwal fluorosis, cututtukan ƙashi da yawan fluoride ya haifar. Amfani da kwarangwal din kwayar halitta kamar yadda karshen karshen yayi daidai ya haifar da canji ga MCL na fluoride, wanda aka daga zuwa miligram 4 a kowace lita a 1986. 147 Amma duk da haka, anyi amfani da fluorosis na hakori a matsayin karshen SMCL na fluoride na miligram 2 na lita, wanda an kuma saita shi a shekarar 1986. 148
Rikici ya faru game da waɗannan sabbin ƙa'idodin har ma ya haifar da matakan shari'a game da EPA. South Carolina tayi jayayya cewa babu buƙatar kowane MCLG (mafi ƙarancin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurbi) don fluoride, yayin da Majalisar Tsaron Albarkatun Naturalasa ta faɗi cewa ya kamata a saukar da MCLG bisa ga haƙƙin hakora. 149 Wata kotu ta yanke hukunci game da yardar EPA, amma a sake nazarin matakan fluoride, EPA ta nemi Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa (NRC) ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa don sake nazarin haɗarin lafiyar fluoride.150 151
Rahoton daga Hukumar Bincike ta Kasa, wanda aka fitar a 2006, ya kammala cewa EL's MCLG (babban burin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu) don fluoride ya kamata a saukar da shi.152 Baya ga fahimtar yiwuwar haɗarin fluoride da osteosarcoma (ciwon daji na ƙashi), 2006 Rahoton Majalisar Nazarin Kasa ya ambaci damuwa game da tasirin musculoskeletal, haifuwa da ci gabanta, larurar jijiyoyin jiki da cututtukan jijiyoyin jiki, cututtukan jini da cutar sankara, da kuma tasiri kan sauran kwayoyin halittu.153
NRC ta yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a saukar da MCLG na fluoride a shekara ta 2006, amma har yanzu EPA bai sauko da matakin ba. 154 A cikin 2016, Fluoride Action Network, IAOMT, da wasu kungiyoyi da mutane da yawa sun roki EPA don kare jama'a, musamman masu saukin kamuwa da cutar, daga illolin da ke tattare da cutar ta hanyar hana amfani da sinadarin fluoride ga ruwan sha.155 EPA ta ƙi amincewa da roƙon a watan Fabrairun 2017.156. XNUMX
Sashe na 5.2: Ruwan kwalba
Kamar man goge baki da kayan hakora da yawa, ruwan kwalba shima yana iya dauke sinadarin fluoride.
Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ce ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa mizanin ruwan kwalba ya yi daidai da mizanin ruwan famfo wanda EPA 157 ya saita da matakan shawarar da Hukumar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka (PHS) ta tsara. 158 Hukumar ta FDA ta ba da izinin ruwan kwalba wanda ya dace da mizaninsa na 159 ya hada da harshe da ke ikirarin cewa shan ruwan fulawa na iya rage barazanar lalata hakori.160
Sashe na 5.3: Abinci
FDA ta yanke hukunci don taƙaita ƙarin abubuwan haɗin sunadarin sunadarai zuwa abinci don amfanin lafiyar jama'a a cikin shekarar 1977. 161 Duk da haka, har yanzu fluoride tana nan a cikin abinci sakamakon shiri a cikin ruwa mai sunadarai, kamuwa da magungunan ƙwari da takin zamani, da sauran abubuwa. A shekara ta 2004, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA) ta ƙaddamar da tarin bayanai game da matakan fluoride a cikin abubuwan sha da abinci, kuma an buga rahoto tare da cikakkun bayanai a cikin 2005.162 Yayin da wannan rahoton ke da muhimmanci, matakan fluoride a cikin abinci da abubuwan sha na iya yiwuwa ya karu a cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata saboda amfani da sinadarin fluoride a cikin wasu magungunan kwari da aka amince da su kwanan nan.
Ari ga haka, a cikin 2006, Majalisar Bincike ta recommendedasa ta ba da shawarar cewa “don taimakawa a kimanta fallasar mutum ta sha daga sha, masana'antun da masu kera ya kamata su ba da bayani game da sinadarin fluoride na abinci da abubuwan sha.” 165 Duk da haka, wannan ba zai faru kowane lokaci a cikin nan gaba. A shekara ta 2016, FDA ta sake yin kwaskwarima kan abin da take bukata na lakabin abinci mai gina jiki da Karin Bayani na Gaskiya kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa bayanin matakin fluoride na son rai ne ga samfuran da gangan aka kara sinadarin fluoride da samfuran da ke faruwa da fluoride na asali.166 A wancan lokacin, FDA ma ba ta kafa ba Darajar Tunanin Kullum (DRV) don fluoride. 167
Akasin haka, a cikin 2016, FDA ta hana perfluoroalkyl ethyl wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu alaƙa da abinci (PFCSs), waɗanda ake amfani da su azaman masu hana mai da ruwa don takarda da allon takarda. 168 An dauki wannan matakin ne sakamakon bayanan da ke tattare da guba da kuma takardar koke da Majalisar Tsaron Albarkatun Kasa da sauran kungiyoyi suka gabatar.
Baya ga wadannan lamuran na fluoride a cikin abinci, kafa hadaddun matakan sinadarin fluoride a cikin abinci saboda magungunan kashe kwari shine ya raba tsakanin FDA, EPA, da Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Abinci da Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka. 169
Sashe na 5.4: Maganin Kwari
Dole ne a yi rijistar magungunan ƙwari da aka rarraba ko aka rarraba a Amurka tare da EPA, kuma EPA na iya kafa juriya don saura maganin ƙwari idan bayana daga abinci yana da “lafiya.” 170
Dangane da wannan, an samu sabani game da magungunan kashe kwari da ke dauke da sinadarin fluoride guda biyu:
1) An fara yiwa Sulfuryl fluoride rijista a shekara ta 1959 don sarrafa lokaci a tsarin itace 171 da kuma a 2004/2005 don kula da kwari a cikin abincin da aka sarrafa, kamar su hatsi, busassun fruitsa ,a, treea treean bishiyoyi, wake koko, wake wake, da abinci. sarrafawa da sarrafa kayan abinci.172 Lamurran da ke haifar da guban mutane har ma da mutuwa, yayin da ba safai ba, ana alakanta su da sinadarin sulfuryl fluoride da ya danganci gidajen da aka kula da magungunan kashe qwari. 173 A 2011, saboda sabunta bincike da damuwa da Fluoride Action Network ( FAN), EPA ta ba da shawarar cewa sulfuryl fluoride baya cika ka'idodin aminci kuma ya kamata a janye jure wannan maganin kashe kwari.174 A cikin 2013, masana'antar magungunan kashe kwari sun yi wani babban yunkuri na sasantawa don kawar da shawarar EPA na fitar da suluburl fluoride, da An canza shawarar EPA ta hanyar tanadin da aka haɗa a cikin Dokar Noma na 2014
2) Cryolite, wanda ke dauke da sinadarin sodium aluminium, maganin kashe kwari ne wanda aka fara yin rijista da EPA a 1957.176 Cryolite shine babban maganin kwari da ake amfani da shi wajen noman abinci a Amurka (yayin da ake amfani da sinadarin sulfuryl a matsayin mai fashin abinci bayan girbi) . Ana amfani da Cryolite akan 'ya'yan itacen citrus da' ya'yan itace, kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itace, da inabi, 177 kuma ana iya yin mu'amala da mutane ta hanyar abincin su, saboda cryolite na iya barin ragowar sunadarin fluoride akan abincin da aka yi amfani da shi.178 A cikin tsarin da aka gabatar na 2011 akan sulfuryl fluoride, EPA ya kuma ba da shawarar janye duk wani hakurin na fluoride a cikin magungunan kashe qwari.179 Don haka wannan ya hada da cryolite; duk da haka, kamar yadda muka gani a sama, wannan shawarar ta birkice.
Sashe na 5.5: Samfuran haƙori don Amfani a Gida
FDA na buƙatar yin lakabi don "kayayyakin ƙwayoyi masu rikitarwa" waɗanda aka sayar a kan-kanti, kamar su man goge baki da na wanke baki. An tsara takamaiman lafazin lakabi ta hanyar tsarin
samfurin (watau gel ko manna da kurkura ruwa), haka kuma ta hanyar amfani da sinadarin fluoride (watau 850-1,150 ppm, 0.02% sodium fluoride, ds.). 180 Gargadin ma ana raba su ne ta hanyar kungiyoyin shekaru (watau shekaru biyu zuwa sama, kasa da shida , Shekara 12 zuwa sama, da sauransu). Wasu faɗakarwa suna aiki ga duk samfuran, kamar waɗannan masu zuwa:
(1) Ga dukkan kayan dorifidice na fluoride (gel, manna, da hoda). “Kusa sa yaran da ke ƙasa da shekaru 6 su isa wurinsu. [wanda aka haskaka da alama) Idan an cinye abin da aka yi amfani da shi don goga ba zato ba tsammani, nemi taimakon likita ko tuntuɓi Cibiyar Kula da Guba nan da nan. ”181
(2) Ga dukkan tsarkakakken fluoride da kayayyakin gel na kariya. “Ka da ka isa ga yara. [wanda aka haskaka da alama mai haske] Idan fiye da yadda aka yi amfani dashi "(zaɓi kalmar da ta dace:" goge "ko" rinsing ")" an haɗiye ba da gangan ba, nemi taimakon likita ko tuntuɓi Cibiyar Kula da Guba nan da nan. "182
Wani labarin bincike wanda aka buga a cikin 2014 ya tayar da damuwa game da wannan lakabin. Musamman, marubutan sun tabbatar da cewa sama da kashi 90% na kayayyakin da suka tantance sun lissafa gargadin FDA don amfani da yara sama da shekaru biyu kawai a bayan bututun man goge baki da ƙaramin rubutu. 183 Irin wannan yanayi ne aka ruwaito game da gargaɗi daga Dungiyar entalwararrun Americanwararrun Amurka (ADA), wacce ƙungiya ce ta kasuwanci ba ƙungiya ta gwamnati ba. Masu binciken sun yi rubutaccen bayanin cewa dukkan kayan goge baki tare da amincewa ko karbuwa daga ADA sun sanya gargadin ADA (cewa yara su yi amfani da adadin man goge baki mai yawa kuma babba ya kula da su don rage girman haɗiye) a bayan bututun a cikin ƙaramin rubutu .184 dabarun Talla sun kasance
wanda aka gano a matsayin inganta goge baki kamar kayan abinci ne, wanda masu binciken suka yarda da cewa dabara ce da ka iya haifar da hadari ga yara su hadiye maganin.185
Kodayake likitan hakori ya rarraba ta FDA azaman na'urar Class I, 186 floss dental mai dauke da fluoride (galibi stannous fluoride) ana ɗaukarsa samfurin haɗuwa187 kuma yana buƙatar
Abubuwan da ake amfani da su a farkon kasuwa. 188 Farn ɗin hakori na iya ƙunsar sinadarin fluoride a cikin nau'ikan mahaɗan turare; 189 duk da haka, babu wani bayani game da irin wannan fluoride a cikin haƙori na haƙori
zai iya samo asali daga marubutan wannan takarda.
Sashe na 5.6: Samfuran haƙori don Amfani da su a Ofishin haƙori
Mafi yawan kayan da aka yi amfani da su a ofishin hakori wadanda za su iya sakin sinadarin fluoride an tsara su azaman na'urorin likitanci / na hakori, kamar wasu kayan kwalliya, 190 191 wasu daskararren hakori, 192 da wasu kayan kwalliya masu hade da juna. 193 Musamman musamman, mafi yawan wadannan kayan haƙori sune FDA suka rarraba a matsayin Na'urorin likitan aji na II, 194 ma'ana cewa FDA ta samar da "tabbataccen tabbaci na lafiyar na'urar da ingancin ta" ba tare da ƙaddamar da samfurin zuwa matakin mafi girman tsarin sarrafawa ba.195 Mahimmanci, a matsayin ɓangare na rarraba FDA hanya, kayan haƙori tare da fluoride ana ɗaukarsu abubuwa ne masu haɗewa, ana sa ran za a bayar da bayanan martaba na 196 da na fluoride a matsayin wani ɓangare na sanarwar kasuwa kafin samfurin. 197 Hukumar ta FDA ta ci gaba da cewa: “Da'awar rigakafin rami ko wasu fa'idodi na warkewa sune an halatta idan an tallafa ta da bayanan asibiti wanda aka samu ta hanyar binciken IDE [Exemption Device Exemption]. ” 198 Bugu da ƙari, yayin da FDA ta fito fili ta ambaci hanyar fitar da sinadarin fluoride na wasu na'urorin gyara kayan hakora, FDA ba ta tallata su a bainar jama'a a shafin yanar gizon su don amfani da rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta ba.199
Hakanan, yayin da aka yarda da sinadarin fluoride a matsayin Na'urorin Kiɗa na II don amfani da su azaman ramin rami da / ko ƙoshin haƙori, ba a yarda da amfani da su a rigakafin caries ba.200 Sabili da haka, lokacin da ake yin iƙirarin rigakafin caries game da samfurin da ya kasance yin zina tare da ƙarin sinadarin fluoride, wannan FDA na ɗauka a matsayin cutar da ba a yarda da ita ba, ta lalata. Bugu da kari, dokokin FDA sun sanya likitan / likitan hakori da alhaki don lakabin amfani da alamun da aka yarda da shi. 201
Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2014, FDA ta ba da izinin yin amfani da sinadarin diamine fluoride na azurfa don rage ƙoshin hakori. 202 A cikin wata kasida da aka buga a cikin 2016, wani kwamiti a Jami'ar California, San Francisco, Makarantar Dentistry, ya gano hakan, yayin da alamar take amfani da sinadarin diamine fluoride na azurfa (kamar su gudanar da caries) yanzu doka ta ba da izinin, akwai buƙatar daidaitaccen jagora, yarjejeniya, da yarda .203
Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci a lura shi ne, man da ke dauke da sinadarin fluoride wanda aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin aikin hana hakori (tsaftacewa) ya ƙunshi matakan fluoride da yawa fiye da man goge baki na kasuwa (watau 850-1,500 ppm a cikin daidaitaccen man goge baki 204 da 4,000-20,000 ppm fluoride a cikin prophy paste) FDA ko ADA ba su yarda da sinadarin Fluoride a matsayin ingantacciyar hanya don hana ƙwayoyin haƙori. 205
Sashe na 5.7: Magungunan Magunguna (Gami da plementsari)
Da gangan ana sanya Fluoride a cikin magungunan magunguna (saukad, allunan, da lozenges galibi da ake kira “kari” ko “bitamin”) waɗanda aka saba ba wa yara umarni, ana zargin su hana ramuka. A shekara ta 1975, FDA tayi magana game da amfani da sinadarin fluoride ta hanyar janye sabon aikace-aikacen magani don Ernziflur fluoride. Bayan ayyukan FDA akan Ernziflur lozenges sun kasance
wanda aka buga a cikin Federal Register, wani labarin ya bayyana a Magungunan Magunguna wanda ke nuna cewa an cire amincewar FDA "saboda babu wata hujja ta musamman game da tasirin kwayoyi kamar yadda aka tsara, aka ba da shawara, ko aka ba da shawara a cikin lakabin ta." 207 208 Labarin kuma ya ce: "The Saboda haka FDA ta shawarci masana'antun hada fluoride da shirye-shiryen bitamin cewa su
ci gaba da tallace-tallace ya saba wa sabon tanadin magani na Dokar Abincin Tarayya, Magunguna, da Carfafa kayan shafawa; saboda haka suka nemi a dakatar da tallan wadannan kayayyaki. ”209 210
A cikin 2016, FDA ta sake aikawa da wata wasiƙar gargaɗi game da batun guda ɗaya na sababbin magunguna da ba a yarda da su ba a fannoni da yawa ciki har da abubuwan da ake amfani da su na fluoride wanda aka yi magana a kansu a 1975. Wasikar, kwanan wata.
An aika Janairu 13, 2016, zuwa Laboratories na Kirkman dangane da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan cututtukan yara guda huɗu waɗanda aka lakafta su a matsayin kayan agaji don rigakafin cututtukan haƙori na hakori. wani misali na yara masu haɗari waɗanda ke karɓar shirye-shiryen fluoride da ba a yarda da su ba, wanda yanzu ya zama batun a cikin Amurka sama da shekaru 211.
A halin yanzu, ana ba da izinin amfani da sinadarin flourine zuwa wasu magungunan magunguna. Wasu dalilan da aka gano don ƙarinta ga ƙwayoyi sun haɗa da iƙirarin cewa yana iya “ƙara ƙwayoyin
zaɓaɓɓe, ba shi damar narkewa a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta, da rage saurin da magani ke motsawa, don haka ba shi damar samun ƙarin lokaci don aiki. ” 213 20-30% na magungunan hada magunguna an kiyasta suna dauke da sinadarin flourine.214 Wasu daga cikin shahararrun magunguna sun hada da Prozac, Lipitor, da Ciprobay (ciprofloxacin), 215 da kuma sauran dangin fluoroquinolone (gemifloxacin [da aka sayar a matsayin mai Sauya], levofloxacin [kasuwa kamar Levaquin], moxifloxacin [kasuwa a matsayin Avelox], norfloxacin [sayar da Noroxin], da ofloxacin [sayar da su a matsayin Floxin da kuma jumlar ofloxacin]).
216
Game da fluoroquinolones, Hukumar ta FDA ta ba da wani sabon gargaɗi game da lalata tasirin a shekarar 2016, shekaru bayan fara gabatar da waɗannan magungunan a kasuwa. A cikin sanarwar su na watan Yulin 2016, FDA ta ce:
Wadannan magungunan suna da alaƙa da nakasawa da kuma illa mai ɗorewa na jijiyoyi, tsokoki, haɗin gwiwa, jijiyoyi, da tsarin juyayi na tsakiya waɗanda zasu iya faruwa tare a cikin mai haƙuri ɗaya. A sakamakon haka, mun sake nazarin Gargadin Boxed, gargadi mafi karfi na FDA, don magance waɗannan matsalolin tsaro masu tsanani. Mun kuma ƙara sabon faɗakarwa da sabunta wasu sassan lakabin magani, gami da Jagoran Magungunan Magunguna.217
Saboda wadannan cututtukan masu illa, FDA ta ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da wadannan kwayoyi ne kawai lokacin da babu wani zabin magani da ake da shi ga marasa lafiya saboda kasada ta fi karfin
fa'idodi.218 A lokacin wannan sanarwar ta FDA ta 2016, an kiyasta cewa sama da Amurkawa miliyan 26 ke shan waɗannan magungunan kowace shekara. 219
Sashe na 5.8: fungiyoyin Haɓakawa
Per-da polyfluoroalkyl abubuwa (PFASs), wanda kuma ake kira da mahaɗan kayan ƙanshi ko sinadarai masu ƙanshi (PFCs), abubuwa ne da ake amfani da su a cikin darduma, masu tsabtace jiki, tufafi, kayan girki,
marufin abinci, fenti, takarda, da sauran kayayyakin saboda suna samar da juriya ta wuta da mai, tabo, man shafawa, da kuma zubar da ruwa.220 221 Misali, ana amfani da sinadarin perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) don yin polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), wanda ake amfani da shi a Teflon , Gore-tex, Scotchguard, da Stainmaster.222
Duk da haka, lokacin da masana kimiyya sama da 200 daga ƙasashe 38 suka rattaba hannu kan "Bayanin Madrid" a 2015, an sanar da damuwa 223 game da waɗannan abubuwa da kuma alaƙar da ke tattare da rashin lafiya.224
Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2016, EPA ya bayyana game da PFSAs:
Nazarin ya nuna cewa bayyanar da PFOA da PFOS akan wasu matakan na iya haifar da mummunar illa ga lafiya, gami da ci gaban ci gaba ga 'yan tayi a lokacin daukar ciki ko kuma ga jarirai masu shayarwa (misali, ƙarancin haihuwa, saurin balaga, saurin jijiyoyin jiki), kansar (misali, testicular , koda), cutar hanta (misali, lalacewar nama), illolin rigakafi (misali, samar da antibody da rigakafi), da sauran sakamako (misali, cholesterol ya canza) .225
Don haka, a cikin Amurka, ƙoƙari ne kawai ya fara kwanan nan don rage amfani da waɗannan ƙwayoyin. Misali, a cikin 2016, EPA ta bayar da shawarwari kan kiwon lafiya na PFOA da PFOS a cikin ruwan sha, suna gano matakin a ko kasa wanda ba a tsammanin cutar ta illa ga rayuwa tsawon rayuwa kamar yadda kashi 0.07 a cikin biliyan (kashi 70 cikin tiriliyan) don PFOA da PFOS.226 A matsayin wani misali, a cikin 2006, EPA ta haɗu tare da kamfanoni takwas ta hanyar tsarin kulawa ga waɗannan kamfanoni takwas don ragewa da kuma kawar da PFOA kafin 2015.227 Amma duk da haka, EPA yana da
sun kuma rubuta cewa suna "kasancewa cikin damuwa" game da kamfanonin da ke samar da waɗannan kayayyakin da ba su shiga cikin wannan shirin ba.228
Sashe na 5.9: Sana'a
Bayyanar da sinadarin fluorides (fluoride, perfluoride) a cikin wuraren aiki shine Safetyungiyar Tsaro da Kiwan Aiki (OSHA). Abinda yafi dacewa da la'akari da wadannan ka'idojin shine kwararar kwarangwal, kuma akayyadaddun dabi'un da ake nunawa ga fluorides ana lissafa su a matsayin 2.5 mg / m3.229
A cikin wata kasida ta 2005 da aka buga a cikin Jaridar Kasa da Kasa ta Kiwon Lafiya da Muhalli kuma aka gabatar da ita a Kwalejin Koyon Toxicology ta Amurka, marubuciya Phyllis J. Mullenix, PhD, ta gano buƙatar mafi kyawun kariya daga wurin aiki daga fluorides.230 Musamman, Dr. Mullenix ya rubuta cewa yayin da tsarin fluoride ya ci gaba da kasancewa daidai:
Ba da daɗewa ba bayanai suka samu wanda ke nuna ba wai kawai waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun ba da isasshen kariya ga ma'aikatan da aka fallasa su da sinadarin fluorine da fluorides ba, amma cewa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata masana'antu sun mallaki bayanan da ake buƙata don gano ƙarancin ƙa'idodin da kuma saita ƙarin matakan ƙofar kariya. 231
A cikin rahoton 2006 na National Research Council (NRC) na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta inasa inda aka kimanta haɗarin lafiyar fluoride, an nuna damuwa game da ƙungiyoyi masu yuwuwa tsakanin fluoride da osteosarcoma (ciwon daji na ƙashi), ɓarkewar kashi, cututtukan musculoskeletal, haifuwa da ci gaba, cutar neurotoxicity da cututtukan neurobehavioral, genotoxicity da carcinogenicity, da kuma tasiri akan sauran tsarin sassan jiki.232
Tun lokacin da aka fitar da rahoton NRC a cikin 2006, an buga wasu sauran binciken binciken da suka dace. A hakikanin gaskiya, a cikin karar da dan kasa na 2016 ya gabatar ga EPA daga Fluoride Action Network (FAN), IAOMT, da sauran kungiyoyi, Michael Connett, Esq., Daraktan Shari'a na FAN, sun ba da jerin sabbin binciken da ke nuna cutarwa daga fluoride, wanda yake da matukar dacewa, musamman saboda yawan ƙarin karatun ɗan adam: 233
A cikin duka, masu gabatar da kara sun gano kuma sun haɗu da karatun da aka buga na 196 waɗanda suka magance tasirin kwayar cutar ta fluoride wanda ya biyo bayan nazarin NRC, gami da nazarin ɗan adam na 61, nazarin dabba na 115, nazarin kwayar 17, da kuma nazarin tsarin 3.
Binciken ɗan adam na bayan-NRC ya haɗa da:
• Karatun 54 da ke binciken tasirin fluoride a kan aikin fahimta, gami da amma ba'a iyakance shi ga IQ ba, tare da duka wadannan 8 sai dai wadanda suke da kimar lissafi.
ƙungiyoyi tsakanin faɗakarwar fluoride da rarar hankali.234
• Nazarin 3 wanda yayi bincike akan tasirin fluoride akan kwakwalwar tayi, tare da kowane daga cikin karatun 3 daya da yake bayar da rahoton illoli mai cutarwa.235
• Nazarin 4 da yayi bincike game da alakar fluoride tare da wasu nau'ikan cutar neurotoxic, gami da ADHD, canza dabi'un haihuwa, da alamomi daban-daban na jijiyoyin jiki.236
Binciken dabba na bayan-NRC sun hada da:
• Karatun 105 da ke binciken ikon fluoride don samar da canjin neuroanatomical da neurochemical, tare da duka sai 2 na karatun da ke gano akalla sakamako daya mai illa a cikin akalla daya daga cikin matakan gwajin da aka gwada.237
• Karatuttukan 31 da ke binciken tasirin fluoride akan ilmantarwa da ƙwaƙwalwa, tare da ɗayan ɗayan karatun da ke gano aƙalla sakamako ɗaya mai ɓarna a cikin ƙungiyoyin da aka kula da fluoride.238
• Nazarin 18 wanda yayi bincike akan tasirin fluoride akan wasu sigogin yanayin rashin hankali banda ilmantarwa da ƙwaƙwalwa, tare da ɗayan ɗayan karatun da aka gano sakamakon.239
Karatun bayan gidan NRC ya haɗa da:
• Karatun 17, gami da karatuttuka 2 da suka bincika kuma suka gano sakamako a matakan fluoride wanda ke faruwa a kai a kai a cikin jinin Amurkawan da ke rayuwa a cikin al'ummomin da suka kamu da cutar.240
Baya ga karatun da ke sama, Masu gabatar da kara suna gabatar da bita na uku na NRC na wallafe-wallafe, gami da biyu da ke magana da adabin ɗan adam / IQ, da wanda
yayi bayani game da adabin dabba / cognition.241
A bayyane yake cewa labaran bincike da yawa sun riga sun gano cutarwa ga mutane daga fluoride a matakai daban-daban na fallasawa, gami da matakan da ake ɗauka yanzu lafiya. Kodayake kowane ɗayan waɗannan labaran sun cancanci kulawa da tattaunawa, jerin abubuwan da aka taƙaita an haɗa su a ƙasa a cikin cikakken bayanin tasirin lafiyar da ke da alaƙa da fitilar fure, wanda ke nuna abubuwan da ke tattare da rahotanni masu mahimmanci da karatu.
Sashe na 6.1: Tsarin kwarangwal
Fluoride da ake ɗauka a cikin jikin mutum yana shiga cikin hanyoyin jini ta hanyar narkewa.242 Mafi yawan fluoride da ba a saki ta fitsari ana adana shi a cikin jiki. An bayyana gaba ɗaya cewa kashi 99 cikin ɗari na wannan fluoride yana zaune a cikin ƙashi, 243 inda aka haɗa shi a cikin tsarin ƙirar lu'ulu'u kuma yana tarawa a kan lokaci.244 Don haka, babu makawa cewa haƙoran da kasusuwa sune kayan jikin da ke tattara fluoride zuwa wanda muke fallasa.
A zahiri, a cikin rahotonta na 2006, tattaunawar Hukumar Bincike ta (asa (NRC) game da haɗarin ɓarkewar kashi daga ƙwayar fluoride da yawa an tabbatar da shi tare da bincike mai mahimmanci. Musamman,
Rahoton ya ce: "Gaba daya, an yi yarjejeniya a tsakanin kwamitin cewa akwai shaidar kimiyya da ke nuna cewa a karkashin wasu yanayi fluoride na iya raunana kashi da kuma kara yiwuwar karaya." 245
Sashe na 6.1.1: Ciwon Hakora
Bayyanar da sinadarin fluoride a cikin yara sananne ne ga haifar da fluorosis na hakori, yanayin da enamel hakoran ya zama ba zai yiwu ba kuma hakoran sun zama sun lalace har abada, suna nuna fararen abu mai launin fari ko ruwan kasa da samar da haƙoran haƙoran da suka karye da kuma tabo cikin sauƙi.246 It an yarda da shi a kimiyyance tun daga shekarun 1940 cewa yawan yin abu zuwa fluoride yana haifar da wannan yanayin, wanda zai iya zama daga mai sauƙin zuwa mai tsanani. Dangane da bayanai daga Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC) da aka saki a cikin 2010, 23% na Amurkawa masu shekaru 6-49 da 41% na yara masu shekaru 12-15 suna nuna fluorosis zuwa wani mataki.247 Waɗannan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaruwa a cikin ƙimar ƙarancin hakora sun kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin shawarar da Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta yanke na rage shawarwarin matakin fluoridation na ruwa a 2015.248
Hoto 1: Hawan Fluorosis na Hakora daga Mafi Sauƙi zuwa Mai tsanani
(Hotuna daga Dr. David Kennedy kuma ana amfani dasu tare da izini daga waɗanda ke fama da cutar haƙori.)
Hotunan Hawan Fluorosis, alamar farko ta cutar ƙarancin fluoride, daga mai sauƙin kai zuwa mai tsanani; Dr. David Kennedy ne ya dauki hoto kuma yayi amfani dashi tare da izinin wadanda suka kamu da cutar hakori
Sashe na 6.1.2: kwarangwal Fluorosis da Arthritis
Kamar fluorosis na hakori, kwarangwal fluorosis sakamako ne wanda ba za a iya inkarin sa ba na wuce gona da iri ga fluoride. Kwarangwal fluorosis yana haifar da ƙasusuwa masu yawa, ciwon haɗin gwiwa, iyakantaccen motsi na haɗin gwiwa, kuma a ciki
lokuta masu tsanani, kashin baya mai tsauri.249 Kodayake ana ɗaukarsa ba safai a cikin Amurka ba, yanayin yana faruwa, 250 kuma kwanan nan aka ba da shawarar cewa kwarangwal na iya zama mafi yawan batun lafiyar jama'a fiye da yadda aka sani a baya.251
Kamar yadda binciken da aka buga a shekarar 2016 ya nuna, har yanzu ba a cimma wata yarjejeniya ta kimiyya ba game da yawan sinadarin fluoride da / ko kuma tsawon lokacin da ake bukatar shan kwayar ta fluoride kafin kwararar kwarangwal ta auku. 252
Yayin da wasu hukumomi ke ba da shawarar kwararan kwarangwal yana faruwa ne kawai bayan shekaru 10 ko fiye da haka, bincike ya nuna cewa yara na iya kamuwa da cutar nan da wata shida, 253
kuma wasu manya sun inganta shi a cikin shekaru biyu zuwa bakwai.254 Hakazalika, yayin da wasu hukumomi suka ba da shawarar cewa 10 mg / day of fluoride ya zama dole don samar da kwarangwal, ƙididdigar bincike ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙananan matakan da ke fuskantar fluoride (a wasu lokuta kasa da 2ppm) na iya haifar da cutar.255 Bugu da kari, binciken da aka buga a shekarar 2010 ya tabbatar da cewa amsar kwayar halittar kasusuwa ga sinadarin fluoride ya bambanta da mutum.256
A cikin marasa lafiya tare da kwarangwal fluorosis, ana kuma zargin fluoride da haifar da hyperparathyroidism na biyu da / ko haifar da lalacewar kashin da yayi kama da hyperparathyroidism na biyu. Yanayin, wanda yawanci yakan haifar da cututtukan koda, yana faruwa ne lokacin da matakan alli da phosphorous a cikin jini suka yi ƙasa sosai. 257 Yawan karatun da Fluoride Action Network (FAN) suka tattara sun bincika yiwuwar cewa fluoride ɗaya ce mai ba da gudummawa ga wannan tasirin lafiyar. 258
Saboda alamun cututtukan arthritic suna da alaƙa da kwarangwal fluorosis, amosanin gabbai wani yanki ne na damuwa dangane da bayyanar fluoride. Musamman a wannan batun, bincike ya danganta fluoride zuwa osteoarthritis, duka tare da ko ba tare da kwarangwal ba. 259 Bugu da ƙari, haɗin haɗin gwiwa na zamani (TMJ) yana da alaƙa da hakori da kwarangwal fluorosis.260
Sashe na 6.1.3: Ciwon daji na Kashi, Osteosarcoma
A shekara ta 2006, NRC ta tattauna yiwuwar haɗi tsakanin bayyanar fluoride da osteosarcoma. An gano wannan nau'in cutar sankarar kashi a matsayin "rukuni na shida mafi yawan cututtukan ciwace-ciwace a cikin yara kuma na uku mafi yawan cututtukan ƙwayar cuta ga matasa." 261 NRC ta bayyana cewa yayin da shaidu ke nunawa, fluoride ya bayyana yana da damar haɓaka ƙwayoyin cuta .262
Sun bayyana cewa osteosarcoma yana da matukar damuwa, musamman saboda sanya sinadarin fluoride a cikin kashi da kuma tasirin kwayar fluoride akan kwayoyin ƙashi.263
Yayinda wasu karatuttukan suka kasa samun alaƙa tsakanin kwayar cutar ta fluoride da osteosarcoma, bisa ga binciken da Dr. Elise Bassin ya kammala yayin Harvard School of Medicine Dental, fallasa zuwa fluoride a matakan da aka ba da shawarar ya haɗu da ninki bakwai na osteosarcoma lokacin da yara maza ke fallasa tsakanin shekaru biyar zuwa bakwai.264 Binciken Bassin, wanda aka buga a 2006, shine kawai binciken game da osteosarcoma wanda yayi la'akari da takamaiman haɗarin shekaru cikin lissafi.265
Sashe na 6.2: Tsarin Tsarin Jiki
An riga an kafa damar fluorides don tasiri a kwakwalwa. A cikin rahoton su na 2006, NRC tayi bayanin: “Dangane da bayanan da akasari aka samo daga binciken tarihi, sunadarai, da kwayoyin, ya bayyana cewa fluorides na da ikon yin katsalandan ga ayyukan kwakwalwa da jiki ta hanyar kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye . ”266 Dementia da Alzheimer's
Hakanan an ambaci cuta a cikin rahoton NRC don la'akari da cewa yana da alaƙa da fluoride.267
Wadannan damuwar an tabbatar dasu. Karatun da aka yi game da gurɓataccen ruwa da tasirin IQ an bincika su sosai a cikin binciken da aka buga a watan Oktoba na 2012 a cikin Ra'ayoyin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli.268 A cikin wannan nazarin, nazarin 12 ya nuna cewa al'ummomin da ke da ruwa mai ƙyama a ƙasa da 4 mg / L (matsakaita na 2.4 mg / L ) yana da ƙananan IQs fiye da ƙungiyoyin kulawa. 269 Tun lokacin da aka buga wannan bita na 2012, yawancin binciken da aka gano na rage IQs a cikin al'ummomin da ke ƙasa da 4 mg / L na fluoride a cikin ruwa sun samu. 270 Don zama mafi daidai, a cikin karar da dan kasa ya gabatar ga EPA a 2016, Michael Connett, Esq., Daraktan Shari'a na FAN, ya gano karatun 23 da ke bayar da rahoton rage IQ a yankunan da matakan fluoride a halin yanzu EPA ya yarda da shi lafiya.271
Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2014, an buga bita a cikin The Lancet mai taken "Illolin da ke tattare da cutar ci gaban jiki." A cikin wannan bita, an saka fluoride a matsayin ɗayan masana'antar masana'antar masana'antu 12
sanannu ne ke haifar da cutar ci gaban jiki a cikin mutane.272 Masu binciken sun yi gargaɗi: “Nakasassun nakasassu, da suka hada da Autism, rashin kulawa a hankali, dyslexia, da sauran raunin hankali, suna shafar miliyoyin yara a duk duniya, kuma wasu bincike-bincike suna da alama suna ƙaruwa sosai. Sinadaran masana'antu da ke cutar da kwakwalwa mai tasowa na daga sanannun dalilan wannan karuwar yaduwar. ”273
Sashe na 6.3: Tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini
Dangane da ƙididdigar da aka buga a cikin 2016, cututtukan zuciya sune ke haifar da mutuwar maza da mata a Amurka, kuma yana kashe ƙasar dala biliyan 207 a kowace shekara.274 Don haka, fahimtar
yiwuwar dangantaka tsakanin fluoride da matsalolin zuciya da mahimmanci ba kawai don matakan tsaro da za a kafa don fluoride ba har ma don hanyoyin rigakafin da za a kafa don cututtukan zuciya.
An yi ta shakkar haɗakar tsakanin fluoride da matsalolin na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini tsawon shekaru. Rahoton NRC na 2006 ya bayyana wani bincike daga 1981 na Hanhijärvi da Penttilä wanda ya ba da rahoton babban kwayar fluoride a marasa lafiya tare da gazawar zuciya. barnata na cikin jiki.275 Bugu da kari, masu binciken wani bincike daga kasar Sin da aka buga a shekarar 276 sun kammala: “Sakamakon ya nuna cewa, NaF [sodium fluoride], a cikin dogaro da dogaro har ma da ƙananan ƙwayoyin 277 mg / L, sun canza fasalin halittar na cardiomyocytes, rage tasirin kwayar halitta, ya karu saurin kamuwa da bugun zuciya, kuma ya inganta matakan apoptosis. ”278
Sashe na 6.4: Tsarin Endocrine
Hakanan anyi nazarin tasirin fluoride akan tsarin endocrin, wanda ya ƙunshi gland wanda yake daidaita sinadarin hormones. A cikin rahoton NRC na 2006, an bayyana cewa: “A taƙaice, shaidu iri daban-daban suna nuna cewa fluoride yana shafar aikin endocrin na al'ada ko amsawa; sakamakon canjin fluoride da aka haifar ya bambanta a mataki da kuma alheri a cikin mutane daban-daban. ”283 Rahoton NRC na 2006 ya kara haɗawa da tebur da ke nuna yadda aka gano ƙananan ƙwayoyin fluoride da ke lalata aikin tairodin, musamman ma lokacin da aka sami karancin iodine yanzu.284 A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an sake jaddada tasirin fluoride akan tsarin endocrin. Wani binciken da aka buga a shekarar 2012 ya hada da sinadarin sodium fluoride a cikin jerin sunadarai masu lalata kwayoyin halitta (EDCs) tare da illolin kasada, 285 kuma an ambaci binciken a cikin rahoton 2013 daga Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya.286
A halin yanzu, an danganta karuwar rashin aikin kawancin ta da fluoride.287 Bincike da aka buga a 2015 ta masu bincike a Jami'ar Kent a Canterbury, Ingila, sun lura cewa yawan matakan fluoride a cikin ruwan sha na iya yin hasashen matakan hypothyroidism mafi girma. 288 Sun ci gaba da bayani: “A yankuna da yawa na duniya, hypothyroidism babban damuwa ne ga kiwon lafiya kuma baya ga wasu dalilai — kamar ƙarancin iodine - ya kamata a ɗauki ɗaukar fluoride a matsayin abin da ke ba da gudummawa. Abubuwan da binciken ya gano ya haifar da damuwar musamman game da ingancin kwayar cutar ta gari a matsayin lafiyar lafiyar lafiyar jama'a. ”289 Sauran nazarin sun tallafawa haɗin tsakanin fluoride da hypothyroidism, 290 ƙaruwa a cikin hormone mai motsa kumburin (THS), 291 da rashi na iodine. 292
Dangane da ƙididdigar da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC) suka fitar a cikin 2014, mutane miliyan 29.1 ko 9.3% na yawan jama'a suna da ciwon sukari.293 Bugu da ƙari, tasirin rawar fluoride a cikin wannan yanayin yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari. Rahoton NRC na 2006 ya yi gargadin:
Thearshe daga binciken da ake da shi shine isasshen isasshen sikari ya bayyana wanda zai kawo ƙaruwar glucose na jini ko raunin haƙuri a cikin wasu mutane da ƙara ƙimar wasu nau'o'in ciwon sukari. Gabaɗaya, rashin ƙarfi na metabolism yana da alaƙa da magani ko ƙwayar fluoride na kusan 0.1 mg / L ko mafi girma a cikin dabbobi da mutane (Rigalli et al. 1990, 1995; Trivedi et al. 1993; de al Sota et al. 1997) .294
Bincike ya kuma alakanta ciwon suga tare da ragin karfin kawar da sinadarin fluoride daga jiki, 295 da kuma ciwo (polydispsia-polyurea) wanda ke haifar da karuwar shan fluoride, 296 da
bincike ya kuma danganta hana insulin da juriya ga fluoride.297
Har ila yau, abin damuwa shine fluoride ya bayyana yana tsoma baki tare da ayyukan glandon ciki, wanda ke taimakawa sarrafa zafin ciki da homon, ciki har da tsarin melatonin da haihuwa. Jennifer Luke na Royal Hospital na Landan ta gano manyan kwayoyi masu dauke da sinadarin fluoride da aka tara a gland din ta 298 kuma ta kara nuna cewa wadannan matakan
zai iya kaiwa 21,000 ppm, ya sanya su sama da matakan fluoride a cikin kashi ko hakora.299 Sauran binciken sun danganta fluoride zuwa matakan melatonin, rashin bacci 300, 301 da farkon balaga
a cikin 'yan mata, 302 da ƙananan haihuwa (ciki har da maza) da rage matakan testosterone.303
Sashe na 6.5: Tsarin Renal
Fitsari babbar hanya ce ta fitar fitsari zuwa jiki, kuma tsarin koda yana da mahimmanci don daidaita matakan fluoride a jiki.304 305 Fitar fitsarin fitsarin shine
sakamakon fitsari pH, abinci, kasancewar kwayoyi, da sauran abubuwa.306 Masu bincike kan wani labari na 2015 da Royal Society of Chemistry suka buga sun bayyana: “Don haka, ruwan jini da saurin fitar koda ya zama daidaitaccen tsarin ilimin lissafi wanda aka samu ta hanyar shan sinadarin fluoride, zuwa da kuma cirewa daga kashi da kuma karfin shara da kodin. ”307
Hakanan rahoton na NRC na 2006 suma sun fahimci rawar da koda ke takawa wajen bayyanar da fluoride. Sun lura cewa ba abin mamaki bane ga marassa lafiyar da ke fama da cutar koda su ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin plasma da ƙashi na fluoride na ƙashi.308 Sun ci gaba da bayyana cewa kodan mutane “dole ne su tattara fluoride kamar sau 50 daga plasma zuwa fitsari. Tionsangarorin tsarin koda na iya kasancewa cikin haɗarin guba mai guba ta fluoride fiye da yawancin kayan kyallen takarda. ”309
Dangane da wannan bayanin, yana da ma'ana cewa masu bincike sun haɗu da bayyanar fluoride ga matsaloli tare da tsarin koda. Mafi mahimmanci, masu bincike daga Toronto, Kanada, sun nuna cewa marasa lafiya na diali tare da koda na osteodystrophy suna da babban kwayar fluoride a cikin ƙashi kuma sun yanke shawara cewa "ƙashi na fluoride na iya rage ƙwayar microhardness ta hanyar tsoma baki tare da ma'adinai." 310 Bugu da ƙari, nazarin kan ma'aikatan da aka nuna wa cryolite daga Philippe Grandjean da Jørgen H. Olsen wanda aka buga a 2004 sun ba da shawarar cewa fluoride a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da cutar kansa ta mafitsara da kuma bayar da gudummawa a cikin cutar sankarar huhu.311
Sashe na 6.6: Tsarin Numfashi
Tasirin fluoride akan tsarin numfashi an bayyane rubuce rubuce cikin wallafe wallafe
Bayyanar aiki. A bayyane yake, ma'aikata a masana'antun da suka shafi fluoride suna da yawa
Babban haɗarin shaƙar fluoride fiye da waɗanda ba sa aiki a masana'antar; duk da haka masana'antu
Hakanan amfani zai iya yin tasiri ga tsarin numfashi na talakawan ƙasa ta hanyoyi daban-daban
hanyoyi.
Shaƙa cikin hydrogen fluoride babban misali ne na aikin da aka tabbatar
da kuma rashin lafiya ga marasa aiki. Ana amfani da hydrogen fluoride don yin firiji, ciyawar ciyawa,
magunguna, man gas mai tsafta, aluminium, robobi, kayan aikin lantarki, mai kyalli
kwararan fitila, da daskararren karfe da gilashi (irin wanda ake amfani da shi a wasu na'uran lantarki),
312 kuma
azaman samar da sinadarai uranium da tsarkake ma'adini.313
Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da
Rigakafin (CDC) ya bayyana cewa ban da bayyanawa a wurin aiki, ba na sana'a ba
Bayyanawa ga hydrogen fluoride kuma ana iya faruwa a wuraren shagunan kuma ta hanyar abubuwan nishaɗi da suka haɗa
abubuwan da aka yi da sinadarin, da kuma wani abin da ba safai ya faru ba na ta'addancin sinadarai
wakili.314
Harkokin lafiya daga hydrogen fluoride na iya lalata gabobin daban daban, gami da waɗannan
shiga tare da tsarin numfashi. Numfashin sinadarin na iya cutar da huhun huhu da kuma haifar dashi
kumburi da tara ruwa a cikin huhu (huhu na huhu) .315
Babban matakin nunawa ga hydrogen fluoride na iya haifar da mutuwa daga ginawa a cikin huhu, 316 yayin da yake ci gaba, rashin ƙarfi
shakar iska na iya haifar da haushi da cunkoson hanci, makogwaro, da huhu.317
Daidai daga matsayin sana'a, masana'antar aluminum ta zama batun tsararru
na binciken tasirin fluoride akan tsarin numfashi na ma'aikata. Shaida daga
jerin karatun suna nuna daidaito tsakanin ma'aikata a masana'antar shuke-shuke na alminiyon, ana nunawa ga
fluoride, da tasirin numfashi, kamar su emphysema, mashako, da rage huhu
aiki.318
Sashe na 6.7: Tsarin narkewa
Bayan an sha, ciki harda ta cikin ruwa mai narkewar ruwa, ciki yana shiga cikin ciki
tsarin inda yake da rabin rai na mintina 30
Adadin sinadarin fluoride da ake sha ya dogara
a kan matakan alli, tare da haɓakar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ciki
sha.
320 321
Hakanan, bisa ga binciken da aka buga a cikin 2015 ta Cibiyar Nazarin Amurka ta
Injiniyoyin Injiniya, hulɗar fluoride a cikin tsarin hanji “yana haifar da samuwar
hydrofluoric [HF] acid ta hanyar amsawa tare da sinadarin hydrochloric [HCL] da ke cikin ciki. Kasancewa
mai lalacewa sosai, HF acid da aka kirkira zai lalata ciki da rufin hanji tare da
asarar microvilli. ”322
Wani yanki na bincike wanda ya danganci tasirin fluoride akan gabobin hanji shine kwatsam
shan man goge baki. A cikin 2011, Cibiyar Kula da Guba ta sami kira 21,513 masu alaƙa da
yawan shan man goge baki mai narkewa.323
Lambobin mutanen da abin ya shafa na iya
zama mafi girma, duk da haka. An nuna damuwa game da wasu alamun cututtukan ciki
mai yiwuwa ba za a yi la'akari da shi ba dangane da shayarwar fluoride, kamar yadda masu bincike suka bayyana a cikin 1997:
Iyaye ko masu kulawa bazai lura da alamomin da ke tattare da ƙananan ƙwayar fluoride ba
ko na iya danganta su ga ciwon ciki ko ciwon ciki, musamman idan ba su ga yaron ba
shanye fluoride. Hakanan, saboda yanayin ƙarancin yanayi na mai laushi zuwa matsakaici
alamun bayyanar cututtuka, bambancin bambancin likita da wuya ya haɗa da ƙwayar fluoride
ba tare da tarihin cin abincin fluoride ba.324
Sauran sassan tsarin narkewar abinci suma sanannen tasirin fluoride ne. Misali, da
Rahoton NRC na 2006 yayi kira don ƙarin bayani game da tasirin fluoride akan hanta: “Zai yiwu
shan rayuwar 5-10 mg / rana ta tsawon rayuwa daga ruwan sha mai ɗauke da sinadarin fluoride a ƙarfin 4 mg / L
juya don samun tasiri na dogon lokaci akan hanta, kuma ya kamata a bincika wannan a nan gaba
nazarin cututtukan cututtuka. ”325 A matsayin wani misali, man goge baki na ƙila yana haifar da stomatitis, kamar su
bakin da ciwon kankara a cikin wasu mutane. 326
Sashe na 6.8: Tsarin Jiki
Tsarin rigakafi wani ɓangare ne na jiki wanda fluoride zai iya tasiri. An
mahimmanci mahimmanci shine cewa ƙwayoyin rigakafi suna haɓaka cikin ɓacin kasusuwa, don haka tasirin fluoride
akan tsarin garkuwar jiki na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da yawaitar fluoride a cikin tsarin kwarangwal. 2006
Rahoton NRC ya ba da cikakken bayani game da wannan yanayin:
Koyaya, marasa lafiya da ke zaune a cikin ko dai a cikin garin da aka yi wa fyade ko kuma a
Al'umma inda ruwan sha yake dauke da sinadarin fluoride a 4 mg / L yana da duka
sunadarai sunadarin fluoride a cikin tsarin kwarangwal dinsu kuma mai yuwuwar samun babban fluoride
maida hankali a cikin kashinsu. Marwayar kasusuwa shine inda ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ke haɓaka kuma wancan
na iya shafar rigakafin wariyar launin fata da samar da kwayoyin cuta ga sinadarai na kasashen waje.327
Allerji da raunin hankali ga fluoride wani ɓangaren haɗari ne da ke da alaƙa da na rigakafi
tsarin. Bincike da aka buga a shekarun 1950, 1960, da 1970's ya nuna cewa wasu mutane haka suke
yana da mahimmanci zuwa fluoride.328 Abin sha'awa, marubutan bincike da aka buga a 1967 sun nuna
cewa yayin da wasu har yanzu ke tambaya kan gaskiyar cewa kwayar fulour a cikin man goge baki da “bitamin” na iya haifar
hankali, rahotonnin shari'ar da aka gabatar a cikin littafinsu sun tabbatar da cewa rashin lafiyan halayen ga
fluoride ya wanzu.329 Morearin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya tabbatar da wannan gaskiyar. 330
Sashe na 6.9: Tsarin Hadaka
Fluoride na iya yin tasiri ga tsarin haɗin gwiwa, wanda ya ƙunshi fata, gland exocrine,
gashi, da farce. Musamman, abubuwan da aka yi game da fluoride, gami da fluoride da ake amfani da shi a man goge baki, suna da
an danganta shi da cututtukan fata da sauran yanayin cututtukan fata.331 332 333
Bugu da ƙari, yiwuwar ɗaukar rai
Yanayin da aka sani da fluoroderma ya faru ne ta hanyar saurin motsa jiki zuwa furotin, 334
kuma wannan nau'in fatar fatar (halogenoderma) an danganta ta da marasa lafiya masu amfani
Abubuwan hakora masu narkewa.335
Bugu da ƙari, an yi nazarin gashi da kusoshi a matsayin masu nazarin halittu na
bayyanar fluoride
336
Cliarnar ƙusoshin ƙusa suna iya nuna fitowar fure fluide mai ɗorewa 337
da fallasa daga man goge baki, 338 da amfani da sinadarin fluoride a cikin kusoshi don gano yara
da ke tattare da barazanar fluorosis na hakori an bincika.339
Sashe na 6.10: Girman Fluoride
Babbar harka ta farko da aka zargi gubar masana'antu daga furotin ya shafi bala'i a
Meuse Valley a Belgium a cikin 1930s. Fog da sauran yanayi a cikin wannan yanki na masana'antu
mai alaƙa da mutuwar 60 da mutane dubu da yawa da ke rashin lafiya. Tabbatar da shaida tun daga wannan
wadannan wadanda suka mutu sakamakon fitowar sunadarin flourine daga masana'antun da ke kusa
Wata shari'ar gubar masana'antu ta faru a 1948 a Donora, Pennsylvania, saboda hazo da
yanayin zafin jiki A wannan kwatancen, sakewar gas daga zinc, karfe, waya, da ƙusa
ana zargin masana'antun da ke haddasa mutuwar mutane 20 da mutane dubu shida
yin rashin lafiya sakamakon cutar guba da aka ba shi.341
Gubawar fluoride daga samfurin hakora a Amurka ya faru ne a 1974 lokacin da yake shekaru uku
tsohon yaro dan Brooklyn ya mutu saboda yawan kwayar hakora daga gel gel. Mai ba da rahoto ga New York
Times ta rubuta game da abin da ya faru: “A cewar wani masanin ilmin toka na Gundumar Nassau, Dokta Jesse Bidanset,
William ya cinye santimita mai nauyin cubic 45 na kashi 2 cikin dari mai tsayayyen fluoride, sau uku adadi
ya isa ya zama m. 342 XNUMX
Yawancin batutuwan da suka kamu da cutar guba a Amurka sun sami kulawa a kwanan nan
shekarun da suka gabata, kamar barkewar cutar a shekarar 1992 a Hooper Bay, Alaska, sakamakon yawan kwayar Fluide a cikin ruwan 343 da kuma gubar da aka yi wa wani dangi a shekara ta 2015 a garin Florida sakamakon sinadarin sulfuryl
fluoride da aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin magani a gidansu. 344
Yayinda misalan da aka bayar a sama sune lokuta na saurin (babban kwaya, gajeren lokaci) guba, na kullum
(ƙananan kashi, na dogon lokaci) dole ne a yi la'akari da guba. Akalla bayani game da fluoride
guba yana samuwa don taimakawa wajen samar da kyakkyawar fahimtar batun. A cikin aiki
wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2015, masu bincike sun sake nazarin gaskiyar cewa alamar farko ta cutar fluoride shine hakori
fluorosis kuma wancan fluoride sananne ne mai lalata enzyme.345
Bugu da ƙari, bita da aka buga a
Shekarar 2012 ta bayar da cikakken bayani game da illolin da ke tattare da kwayar cutar ta fluoride akan kwayoyin halitta:
kusan dukkanin sanannun hanyoyin sigina na ciki ciki har da hanyoyin G masu dogaro da furotin,
caspases, da mitochondria- da hanyoyin haɗin masu karɓar mutuwa, tare da haifar da kewayon
na canje-canje na rayuwa da na rubutu, ciki har da maganganu da yawa masu alaƙa da apoptosis
kwayoyin halitta, a karshe yana haifar da mutuwar kwayar halitta. ”346
An bincika gaggawa game da cutar guba ta fluoride a cikin 2005
littafin mai suna "Gubar fluoride: wuyar warwarewa tare da ɓoyayyen ɓoyayye." Mawallafi Phyllis J.
Mullenix, PhD, ya fara labarin, wanda aka gabatar da shi a wani ɓangare a Kwalejin Amurka na
Taro na Toxicology, ta hanyar gargaɗi: “Tarihin kwatancen enigmatic na gubar fluoride
a cikin wallafe-wallafen likitanci ya ba shi izini ya zama ɗayan mafiya fahimta, wanda ba a fahimta ba,
da kuma bayyana matsalolin rashin lafiya a Amurka a yau. ”347
Bayan karanta Sashe na 7 da ya gabata game da fallasar da aka yi wa fluoride, ya zama a bayyane yake yadda ake buƙatar ƙarin bincike kafin kowane matakin “lafiya” don bayyanar fureide ya zama cikakke sosai. Wannan rashin shaidar ya kai ga abin da ba a sani ba a halin yanzu. Rashin hujja ma ya fi yawa a cikin abin da aka riga aka sani game da yadda bil'adama ke amfani da sinadarin fluoride, musamman ma dangane da fa'idar da ake zargin ta da ita na hana ƙwayoyin cuta.
Sashe na 8.1: Rashin Inganci
An kara sinadarin fluoride a cikin kayan goge baki da sauran kayan masarufi saboda ana zargin yana rage ƙwayoyin haƙori. Shawarwarin da ake bayarwa na wannan nau'in fluoride suna da alaƙa da aikinsa akan haƙoran hana numfashi na ƙwayoyin Streptococcus mutans, ƙwayoyin cutar da ke juya sukari da yunwa zuwa wani abu mai ɗaci wanda ke narkar da enamel. na hakora suna samar da fluorohydroxyapatite (FHAP ko FAP), kuma sakamakon wannan aikin ance zai inganta ƙaddamarwa da rage hakora hakora. Duk da yake akwai goyon bayan kimiyya ga wannan sinadarin na fluoride, amma kuma an tabbatar da cewa fluoride yana aiki ne musamman don rage lalacewar hakora kai tsaye (watau goge shi kai tsaye zuwa hakora tare da buroshin hakori), sabanin tsari (watau shan ruwa ko shan fluoride ta ruwa ko wata hanya) .504
Kodayake an bayyana fa'idodin da ke cikin fluoride sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, haka nan bincike ya nuna shakku game da waɗannan fa'idodin. Misali, masu bincike daga Jami’ar Massachusetts Lowell sun yi bayani game da rikice-rikice da dama da ke tattare da amfani da sinadarin fluoride a cikin wani kasida da aka buga a Jaridar Evidence-Based Dental Practice a 2006. Bayan sun ambaci wani bincike na 1989 daga National Institute of Dental Research wanda ya sami kadan bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin yaran da ke karɓar fluoride da waɗanda ba sa karɓar fluoride, marubutan sun ambaci wasu binciken da ke nuna cewa rami a ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu ya ragu ba tare da amfani da sinadarin fluoride ba. mafi yawan nau'in lalacewar haƙori a Amurka) ko don hana ɓarke haƙoran ƙwallon yara (wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'ummomin matalauta) .506
A matsayin wani misali, binciken farko da aka yi amfani da shi don tallafawa magudanar ruwa a matsayin hanyar rage cututtukan hakori daga baya an sake nazarin su, kuma an gano yiwuwar yaudarar bayanai. Da farko, an fassara raguwar rubabbun hakora (DFT) waɗanda aka tattara a cikin bincike a matsayin tabbaci ga ingancin gurɓataccen ruwa. Koyaya, binciken da Dr. John A. Yiamouyiannis ya yi na baya-bayan nan ya ba da shawarar cewa samar da ruwa zai iya haifar da jinkirin fashewar hakora. 508 Irin wannan jinkirin fashewar zai haifar da karancin hakora saboda haka, rashin lalacewa, ma'ana cewa ƙananan matakan DFT sun kasance a zahiri ya haifar da rashin hakora sabanin abin da ake zargi da sinadarin fluoride a kan cututtukan haƙori.
Sauran misalai a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya sun nuna shakku kan amfani da sinadarin fluoride wajen hana ruɓar haƙori. Wani bita da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2014 ya tabbatar da cewa tasirin sinadarin fluoride ya dogara ne akan sinadarin calcium da magnesium a cikin enamel na hakori amma kuma aikin sake bayyana a cikin enamel na hakori baya dogaro da sinadarin fluoride. ba za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai mahimmanci ga asibiti ba don rage yawan caries da ke da alaƙa da amfani da sinadarin fluoride.509 Bugu da ƙari, bincike ya ba da shawarar cewa tsarin fluide yana da ƙarancin (idan akwai) tasiri a kan haƙoran, 2010 510 kuma masu bincike sun ba da bayanan da ke nuna fluorosis na hakori (farkon alamar cutar mai guba da fluoride511) shine mafi girma a cikin al'ummomin Amurka tare da ruwa mai tsafta sabanin wadanda basa dashi.512
Har ila yau wasu rahotanni na nuna cewa yayin da kasashe ke bunkasa, yawan lalacewa a cikin yawan jama'a ya haura zuwa akalla hudu ko takwas na lalacewa, ɓacewa, ko cike haƙori (a cikin shekarun 1960) sannan kuma ya nuna raguwa ƙwarai (matakan yau), ba tare da la'akari da sinadarin fluoride ba amfani. An yi zato cewa karuwar tsabtace baki, samun damar yin rigakafin ayyuka, da karin wayewar kai game da illolin sikari suna da alhakin raguwar bayin hakori. Duk dalilin da zai iya kasancewa, ya kamata a lura cewa wannan yanayin na rage lalacewar haƙori ya faru ne kuma ba tare da amfani da tsarin ruwa mai ƙyama ba, 515 don haka zai bayyana cewa wasu abubuwan ban da fluoride ne suka haifar da wannan canjin. Hoto na 2 da ke ƙasa yana nuna alamun lalacewar haƙori ta ƙasashe masu amfani da fluoridated da waɗanda ba fluoridated daga 1955-2005.
Hoto 2: Hanyoyin Lalacewar Hakori a Fasashe Masu Rarraba da fasassu, 1955-2005
Sauran shawarwarin da yawa suna dacewa a kowane shawarar game da amfani da sinadarin fluoride don hana ƙwayoyin cuta. Na farko, ya kamata kuma a sani cewa fluoride ba wani muhimmin abu bane ga ci gaban mutum da ci gabansa.516 Abu na biyu, shine an yarda da fluoride a matsayin ɗayan sinadarai na masana'antu guda 12 “sanannu ne da ke haifar da ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin mutane.” 517 Kuma a ƙarshe, Ba'amurke Dungiyar haƙori (ADA) ta yi kira don ƙarin bincike a cikin 2013 dangane da yanayin aikin fluoride da tasirinsa:
Ana buƙatar bincike game da abubuwa masu yawa na fluorides don ƙayyade tsarin aikin su da cututtukan caries-rigakafin yayin amfani a matakin yanzu na bayyanar fluoride na bango (ma'ana, ruwa mai tsafta da man goge baki) a Amurka. Karatu dangane da dabarun amfani da sinadarin fluoride don haifar da kamawa ko juyawar ci gaban caries, da kuma takamaiman tasirin fluoride kan hakoran hakora, suma ana bukatar su.518
Sashe na 8.2: Rashin Shaida
Bayani game da rashin tabbas na matakan da tasirin fluoride akan tsarin ɗan adam ya kasance a cikin wannan takarda. Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a sake maimaita rashin shaidar da ke da alaƙa da amfani da sinadarin fluoride, don haka, Table 4 tana ba da taƙaitaccen gargadi mai ƙarfi daga gwamnatoci, kimiyya, da sauran hukumomi masu mahimmanci game da haɗari da rashin tabbas dangane da amfani da kayayyakin da aka yiwa ruwa.
Tebur na 4: Zaɓaɓɓun maganganu game da Gargadi game da Fluoride An rarraba shi ta Samfur / Tsari da Tushen
| PRODUCT / PROCESS NUNA | SAURARA / S | TUSHEN BAYANI |
|---|---|---|
| Fluoride don amfani da haƙori, gami da fluoridation na ruwa | "Yawaitar cututtukan hakora a cikin jama'a ba ta da alaƙa da haɗuwar kwayar ta fluoride a cikin enamel, kuma yawan kwayar enamel fluoride ba lallai ne ya fi tasiri ba wajen hana ƙwayoyin haƙoran ba." “Ba a samu karatuttukan karatu na kimanta tasirin man goge baki, gel, kurkura, da kuma varnish tsakanin manya.” | Cibiyoyin Kula da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC). Kohn WG, Maas WR, Malvitz DM, Presson SM, Shaddik KK. Shawarwari don amfani da sinadarin fluoride don hanawa da sarrafa hakoran haƙori a cikin Amurka. Raunin Cutar da Mutuwar Mako-mako: Shawara da Rahotonni. 2001 Aug 17: i-42. |
| Amincewa da Abincin Abinci: Ingantaccen Bayar Abincin Abinci da Isasshen Abincin | "Gaba daya, akwai yarjejeniya a tsakanin kwamitin cewa akwai shaidar kimiyya cewa a karkashin wasu yanayi fluoride na iya raunana kashi kuma ya kara barazanar karaya." | Majalisar bincike ta kasa. Fluoride a cikin Shan Ruwa: Nazarin Kimiyyar Ka'idojin EPA. Cibiyar Nazarin iesasa ta Kasa: Washington, DC 2006. |
| Fluoride a cikin ruwan sha | "Manufar Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Gurɓatarwa (MCLG) don ƙoshin ruwa cikin ruwan sha ya zama sifili." | Kartani RJ. Binciken Rahoton Majalisar Bincike na 2006asar Amurka na 2006: Fluoride a Ruwan Shan Ruwa. Fluoride. 1 Jul 39; 3 (163): 72-XNUMX. |
| Fitar ruwa | "Fitarwar Fluoride tana da wata alaƙa mai rikitarwa dangane da cututtukan haƙori kuma tana iya ƙara haɗarin ƙwayoyin haƙori a cikin yara masu fama da yunwa saboda ƙarancin alli da enamel hypoplasia ..." | Peckham S, Awofeso N. Fluoridation na ruwa: nazari mai mahimmanci game da illolin ilimin kwayar cutar da ake amfani da ita a matsayin maganin lafiyar jama'a. Jaridar Duniyar Kimiyya. 2014 Feb 26; 2014. |
| Fluoride a cikin kayan haƙori, abinci, da ruwan sha | "Saboda amfani da kayan ƙoshin hakori da cin abinci da abubuwan sha waɗanda aka yi da ruwa mai ƙyalli sun karu tun lokacin da HHS ya ba da shawarar matakan mafi kyau don yin fluoridation, yanzu mutane da yawa na iya fuskantar ƙarin fluoride fiye da yadda aka zata." | Tiemann M. Fluoride a cikin ruwan sha: nazari game da fluoridation da al'amuran tsari. BiblioGov. 2013 Apr 5. Rahoton Sabis na Binciken Majalisar Dattawa don Majalisa. |
| Fluoride yana cin yara | "An sami karbuwa sosai a cikin 'fluoride' tsawon shekaru kamar tsakanin 0.05 zuwa 0.07 mg fluoride a kowace kilogram na nauyin jiki amma ya dogara ne da iyakantattun shaidun kimiyya." "Wadannan binciken sun nuna cewa cimma matsayar rashin caries na iya zama wata 'yar kadan da za a yi amfani da sinadarin fluoride, yayin da fluorosis ya fi dogaro da shan sinadarin fluoride." | Warren JJ, Levy SM, Broffitt B, Cavanaugh JE, Kanellis MJ, Weber ‐ Gasparoni K. Tattaunawa game da cin abinci mafi kyawu ta hanyar amfani da fluoride na hakora da ƙoshin haƙoran hakora-wani dogon bincike. Jaridar Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a. 2009 Mar 1; 69 (2): 111-5. |
| Abubuwan da ke dawo da hakora na fluoride (watau cikewar hakori) | “Duk da haka, ba a tabbatar da shi ta hanyar karatun asibiti ba ko za a iya rage tasirin kwayar cutar ta sakandare ta hanyar sakin sinadarin gyaran sinadarin fluoride. ” | Wiegand A, Buchalla W, Attin T. Sake duba kan kayan sake fasalin fluoride-sakin fure da kuma ci gaba da halaye, antibacterialactivity da kuma tasiri kan bayanin caries. Kayan Hakori. 2007 Mar 31; 23 (3): 343-62. |
| Dental kayan: azurfa diamine fluoride | "Saboda azumin diamine fluoride sabo ne ga likitan hakori na Amurka da ilimin hakora, akwai buƙatar daidaitaccen jagora, yarjejeniya, da yarda." "Ba a san abin da zai faru ba idan aka dakatar da magani bayan shekaru 2-3 kuma ana bukatar bincike." | Horst JA, Ellenikiotis H, Milgrom PM, UCSF Azurfa Caries Kwamitin Kama. Yarjejeniyar UCSF don Kama Caries Ta Amfani da Diamine Fluoride na Azurfa: Dalili, Manuniya, da Yarda. Jaridar California Dental Association. 2016 Jan; 44 (1): 16. |
| Topical fluoride don amfani da hakori | “Kwamitin yana da karamin matakin yaƙ regardingni game da amfanin Kashi 0.5 cikin dari na man shafawa ko gel a kan haƙoran dindindin na yara da kan jijiyoyin saboda ba su da yawa game da amfani da waɗannan kayayyakin a gida. ” “Ana buƙatar bincike game da inganci da haɗarin takamaiman samfura a cikin yankuna masu zuwa: amfani da kai, ƙarfin magani, amfani da fulawa mai amfani da gida, ɗan goge baki ko digo; Kashi 2 cikin dari na aikin sodium fluoride gel ne; madadin tsarin isarwa, kamar kumfa; mafi kyawun aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen fure da gels; aikace-aikacen minti daya na gel APF; da kuma hada kayayyaki (amfani da gida da kuma amfani da sana'a). ” | Weyant RJ, Tracy SL, Anselmo TT, Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Donly KJ, Frese WA, Hujoel PP, Iafolla T, Kohn W, Kumar J, Levy SM. Maganin fluoride na yau da kullun don rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta: Takaitaccen bayani game da sabunta shawarwarin asibiti da tallafawa nazarin tsari. Jaridar Dungiyar Hakori ta Amurka. 2013; 144 (11): 1279-1291. |
| Fluoride “kari” (allunan) | "Rashin jituwa a bayyane tsakanin sakamakon ya nuna cewa akwai iyakantaccen tasiri a kan allunan fluoride." | Tomasin L, Pusinanti L, Zerman N. Matsayin allunan fluoride a cikin prophylaxis na cututtukan hakori. Nazarin wallafe-wallafe. Annali diStomatologia. 2015 Janairu; 6 (1): 1. |
| Pharmaceuticals, sunadarin flourine a cikin magani | "Babu wanda zai iya hango ko hasashen abin da ke faruwa a jikin mutum bayan an gudanar da mahaukatan sunadarai." | Strunecká A, Patočka J, Connett P.Fluorine a cikin magani. Journalof Yayi amfani da Biomedicine. 2004; 2: 141-50. |
| Shan ruwa tare da poly- da perfluoroalkyl abubuwa (PFASs) | "Shan ruwa mai gurɓataccen abu tare da poly- da perfluoroalkyl abubuwa (PFASs) na haifar da haɗari ga ci gaban, rigakafi, rayuwa, da kuma lafiyar endocrine na masu amfani." "… Bayanai game da ruwan sha PFAS saboda haka ba a samun kusan kashi daya bisa uku na yawan jama'ar Amurka." | Hu XC, Andrews DQ, Lindstrom AB, Bruton TA, Schaider LA, Grandjean P, Lohmann R, Carignan CC, Blum A, Balan SA, Higgins CP. Gano abubuwa na Poly-da Perfluoroalkyl (PFASs) a cikin Shan Ruwan shan Amurka wanda ke da alaƙa da Wuraren Masana'antu, Yankunan Koyar da Wuta, da Shuke-shuke Masu Kula da Ruwa. Haruffan Kimiyya da Fasaha na Muhalli. 2016 Oktoba 11 |
| Bayyanar da aikin yi game da sinadarin fluoride da ƙoshin ruwa | “Nazari kan bayanan da ba’a buga ba game da illar shan iska da sinadarin fluorine mai tsafta ya bayyana cewa mizanin aiki na yanzu yana ba da isasshen kariya. ” | Mullenix PJ. Guba ta Fluoride: abun wuyar warwarewa tare da ɓoye ɓoye. Littafin Labaran Lafiya na Kiwon Lafiya da Muhalli. 2005 Oktoba 1; 11 (4): 404-14 |
| Bita kan ka'idojin kariya don kamuwa da sinadarin flourine da kuma fluorides | "Idan za mu yi la’akari da kusancin fluoride da alli kawai, za mu fahimci tasirin fluoride da zai iya lalata kwayoyin, sassan jiki, gland, da kyallen takarda.” | Prystupa J. Fluorine - nazarin adabin yanzu. Binciken NRC da ATSDR na tushen ƙa'idodin aminci don haɗuwa da furotin da fluorides. Hanyoyin Toxicology da hanyoyin. 2011 Feb 1; 21 (2): 103-70. |
Sashe na 8.3: Rashin Da'a
Wani babban abin damuwa game da fitowar ruwa daga ruwan sha da abinci yana da nasaba ne da samar da sinadarin fluorides da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da ruwan sha na al'umma. A cewar Cibiyoyin Kula da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC), ana amfani da nau'in fluoride uku don amfani da ruwa mai gudana a cikin al'umma:
- Fluorosilicic acid: wani ruwa ne wanda yawancin tsarin ruwa ke amfani dashi a Amurka. Ana kuma kiran Fluorosilicic acid a matsayin hydrofluorosilicate, FSA, ko HFS.
- Fluorosilicic acid: wani ruwa ne wanda yawancin tsarin ruwa ke amfani dashi a Amurka. Ana kuma kiran Fluorosilicic acid a matsayin hydrofluorosilicate, FSA, ko HFS.
- Sodium fluorosilicate: wani abu ne wanda ya bushe, aka narkar dashi cikin wani bayani kafin a saka shi akan ruwa.â ¢ ¢ Sodium fluoride: wani sinadarin bushewa, wanda galibi ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙaramin tsarin ruwa, an narkar da shi a cikin wani bayani kafin a saka shi cikin ruwa.519
Rikici ya taso game da alaƙar masana'antu da waɗannan abubuwan sinadaran. CDC ta yi bayanin cewa dutsen phosphorite yana da dumi tare da sinadarin sulphicic don samar da kashi 95% na fluorosilicic acid da ake amfani da shi a cikin ruwa fluoridation.520 CDC ya ci gaba da bayanin: “Saboda samar da sinadarin fluoride yana da nasaba da samar da takin fosfat, samar da sinadarin fluoride na iya kuma yana canzawa ya dogara da wasu abubuwa kamar rashin canjin kudin musaya na kasashen waje da kuma sayar da taki zuwa kasashen waje. ”521 Wani daftarin aiki na gwamnati daga Ostiraliya ya fito karara ya bayyana cewa hydrofluosilicic acid, sodium silicofluoride da sodium fluoride duk“ galibi ana samunsu ne daga masana'antun takin phosphate. ”522 Tsaro masu ba da shawara game da bayyanar cutar ta fluoride sun yi tambaya idan irin wannan alaƙar masana'antun suna da ɗabi'a kuma idan haɗin masana'antar tare da waɗannan sunadarai na iya haifar da ɓoye tasirin lafiyar da ke haifar da fureideide.
Wani takamaiman lamuran da'a wanda ya taso tare da irin wannan sa hannun masana'antar shine kungiyoyin da ke haifar da riba suna bayyana ma'anar abubuwan ci gaba na abin da ya kasance "mafi kyawun" binciken tushen shaida, kuma a halin yanzu, kimiyyar da ba son zuciya ba ta zama da wahalar samarda kudi, samarwa, bugawa, kuma tallata. Wannan saboda bayar da kuɗi don yin babban bincike na iya zama mai tsada sosai, amma ƙungiyoyin da ke tushen masana'antu na iya samun sauƙin tallafa wa masu binciken su. Hakanan suna iya samun damar yin amfani da lokaci don nazarin hanyoyi daban-daban na bayar da rahoton bayanan (kamar barin wasu ƙididdiga don samun sakamako mafi dacewa), kuma za su iya ƙara ba da damar tallata duk wani ɓangare na binciken da ke tallafawa ayyukan su. Abun takaici, tarihi ya nuna cewa ƙungiyoyin kamfanoni na iya ma iya tursasa masana kimiyya masu zaman kansu azaman hanyar ƙare aikinsu idan wannan aikin ya nuna lahanin da gurɓatattun masana'antu da gurɓatattun abubuwa ke haifarwa.
Tabbas, wannan yanayin ilimin kimiya mara kyau ya sami karbuwa a cikin binciken binciken sinadarin fluoride. Marubutan wani bita da aka buga a mujallar kimiyya ta duniya a cikin shekara ta 2014 sun yi bayani dalla-dalla: “Kodayake samar da ruwa cikin ruwa ya kasance wata dabarar lafiyar jama'a tun lokacin da aka gabatar da ita, masu binciken-wadanda suka hada da masana kimiyya da na duniya da ake girmamawa-a koyaushe yana da wahalar buga muhimmin abu labaran ruwa mai amfani da ruwa a cikin mujallu na likitan hakori da na kiwon lafiyar jama'a. ”523
Bugu da ƙari, rikice-rikicen sha'awa na iya kasancewa da alaƙa kai tsaye da karatu game da baje kolin abinci ga mahaɗan sinadarin sinadarai (PFCs) A cikin wata kasida da aka buga a 2012, bincike game da cin abinci daga PFCs an bincika ta ƙasa. Marubucin ya bayyana cewa bayanai daga Amurka suna da iyakantacce, wanda ya ƙunshi kawai wallafe-wallafen 2010 wanda yawancin masu binciken ilimin Amurka suka wallafa, da kuma binciken da aka gabatar na 3M wanda ya kasance babban bincike ne kafin bugawar 2010 (kuma yayi zargin cewa yawancin samfuran 524 Duk da haka, masu binciken ilimin sun samar da sakamako daban-daban fiye da rahoton na 3M kuma suka rubuta a cikin littafinsu na 2010: “Duk da haramcin samfura, mun sami POPs [masu ci gaba da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu] a cikin abinci na Amurka, kuma gaurayayyun waɗannan sunadarai sunada amfani da jama'ar Amurka a matakai daban-daban. Wannan yana nuna bukatar fadada gwajin abinci don gurbataccen sinadarai. ”525
Hakanan an san rikice-rikicen sha'awa don kutsawa cikin hukumomin gwamnati da ke da hannu cikin tsara sinadarin mai guba. A 2014 Newsweek labarin Zoë Schlanger mai taken "Shin EPA Ta Fi Son Masana'antu Yayin Nazarin Haɗarin Haɗari?" ya hada da wata magana daga masanin ilimin muhalli Michelle Boone cewa zargin "'duka ko mafi yawan bayanan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kimantawar haɗari na iya zuwa ne daga binciken da masana'antu ke samarwa, duk da bayyananniyar [rikice-rikicen sha'awa].'" 526
Abu ne mai sauƙin ganewa cewa masana'antun haƙori suna da babban rikici na sha'awa tare da fluoride saboda ana samun riba ta ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke samar da kayan haƙori mai dauke da sinadarin fluoride. Bugu da kari, hanyoyin da suka shafi sinadarin fluoride da likitan hakora da ma’aikatan hakora ke yi na iya samun riba ga ofisoshin hakori, 527 528 kuma an gabatar da tambayoyi masu da’a game da tura wadannan hanyoyin fulodar akan marasa lafiya.529
Dangane da ka'idojin aikin likita da hakori, dole ne a yi la’akari da ginshiƙin manufofin kiwon lafiyar jama'a wanda aka fi sani da ƙa'idar kariya. Asali na wannan manufar an gina shi ne a kan karni na karnin da ya gabata cewa "da farko, kada ku cutar da kowa." Duk da haka, yin amfani da ƙa'idar rigakafin zamani yana da goyan bayan yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa.
A watan Janairun 1998, a wani taron kasa da kasa wanda ya hada da masana kimiyya, lauyoyi, masu tsara manufofi, da masu kula da muhalli daga Amurka, Kanada da Turai, an sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa wacce aka shahara da ita "Wingspread Statement on the Precautionary Principle." 530 A ciki, da ana ba da shawara mai zuwa: “Lokacin da wani aiki ya haifar da barazanar cutar da lafiyar mutum ko mahalli, ya kamata a yi taka-tsantsan ko da wasu dalilai da kuma dangantaka ba su da cikakkiyar kafa ta kimiyya. A wannan yanayin mai gabatar da wani aiki, maimakon jama'a, ya kamata ya ɗauki nauyin hujja. ”531
Ba abin mamaki bane, buƙatar yin amfani da ƙa'idar taƙaitacciyar ka'ida tana da alaƙa da amfani da fluoride. Marubutan wani labari na 2006 mai taken "Menene Ma'anar Takaitacciyar Ma'anar don Dentistry da ke Tabbatar da Shaida?" ya ba da shawarar buƙatar yin bayani game da tarin abubuwa daga dukkanin tushen fluoride da bambancin yawan jama'a, yayin da yake bayyana cewa masu amfani za su iya kaiwa matakan "mafi kyau" ba tare da sun sha ruwan da aka sha ba.532 Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken wani bita da aka buga a cikin 2014 sun yi magana kan wajibcin yin rigakafin a'idar da za a yi amfani da ita ga amfani da sinadarin fluoride, kuma sun ɗauki wannan matakin ne a gaba yayin da suka ba da shawarar cewa fahimtarmu ta yau game da cututtukan hakora "ta rage duk wata muhimmiyar rawar da za a samu nan gaba game da fluoride a cikin rigakafin caries." 533
Marubuta Takarda Matsayin Fluoride
Dokta Jack Kall, DMD, FAGD, MIAOMT, ɗan'uwa ne na Kwalejin Janar Dentistry kuma tsohon shugaban sashen Kentucky. Shi Babban Jagora ne na Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa na Magungunan Oral da Toxicology (IAOMT) kuma tun 1996 ya zama Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwa. Hakanan yana aiki a Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Bioregulatory Medical Institute (BRMI). Shi memba ne na Cibiyar Nazarin Magungunan Ayyuka da Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Baka ta Amirka.
Dokta Griffin Cole, MIAOMT ya sami Mastership a International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology a 2013 kuma ya tsara Rubutun Fluoridation na Kwalejin da kuma Binciken Kimiyya na Jami'a akan amfani da Ozone a cikin farfagandar tushen canal. Shi tsohon Shugaban IAOMT ne kuma yana aiki a Hukumar Gudanarwa, Kwamitin Jagora, Kwamitin Fluoride, Kwamitin Taro kuma shine Darakta na Koyarwa.
Dokta David Kennedy ya yi aikin likitan hakori na fiye da shekaru 30 kuma ya yi ritaya daga aikin asibiti a 2000. Shi ne Tsohon Shugaban Hukumar IAOMT kuma ya yi lacca ga likitocin hakori da sauran ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya a duk faɗin duniya kan batutuwan da suka shafi lafiyar hakori na rigakafi, mercury toxicity, da fluoride. An san Dr. Kennedy a duk faɗin duniya a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga tsaftataccen ruwan sha, likitan haƙori na halitta kuma sanannen jagora ne a fagen rigakafin haƙori. Dokta Kennedy ƙwararren marubuci ne kuma darektan fim ɗin fim ɗin Fluoridegate wanda ya sami lambar yabo.
